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| Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object | |
Stecklum, B.1; Wolf, V.1; Linz, H.2; Caratti o Garatti, A.3; Schmidl, S.1; Klose, S.1; Eisloeffel, J.1; Fischer, Ch.4; Brogan, C.5; Burns, R. A.6,12; Bayandina, O.7,8; Cyganowski, C.9; Gurwell, M.10; Hunter, T.4; Hirano, N.11; Kim, K. -T.12; MacLeod, G.13,14; Menten, K. M.15; Olech, M.16; Orosz, G.17 ; Sobolev, A.18; Sridharan, T. K.10; Surcis, G.19; Sugiyama, K.6; van der Walt, J.20; Volvach, A.21; Yonekura, Y.22
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| 2021-02-25 | |
| Source Publication | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
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| ISSN | 0004-6361 |
| Volume | 646Pages:A161 |
| Contribution Rank | 17 |
| Abstract | Context. Class II methanol masers are signposts of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs). Recent evidence shows that flares of these masers are driven by MYSO accretion bursts. Thus, maser monitoring can be used to identify such bursts which are hard to discover otherwise. Infrared observations reveal burst-induced changes in the spectral energy distribution (first and foremost a luminosity increase), which provide valuable information on a very intense phase of high-mass star formation.Aims. In mid-January 2019, flaring of the 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser (hereafter maser) of the MYSO G358.93-0.03 (hereafter G358) was reported. The international maser community initiated an extensive observational campaign which revealed extraordinary maser activity and yielded the detection of numerous new masering transitions. Interferometric imaging with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Submillimeter Array resolved the maser emitting core of the star forming region and proved the association of the masers with the brightest continuum source (MM1), which hosts a hot molecular core. These observations, however, failed to detect a significant rise in the (sub)millimeter dust continuum emission. Therefore, we performed near-infrared (NIR) and far-infrared (FIR) observations to prove or disprove whether the CH3OH flare was driven by an accretion burst.Methods. NIR imaging with the Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-infrared Detector has been acquired and integral-field spectroscopy with the Field-Imaging Far-Infrared Line Spectrometer (FIFI-LS) aboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) was carried out on two occasions to detect possible counterparts to the (sub)millimeter sources and compare their photometry to archival measurements. The comparison of pre-burst and burst spectral energy distributions is of crucial importance to judge whether a substantial luminosity increase, caused by an accretion burst, is present and if it triggered the maser flare. Radiative transfer modeling of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the dust continuum emission at multiple epochs provides valuable information on the bursting MYSO.Results. The FIR fluxes of MM1 measured with FIFI-LS exceed those from Herschel significantly, which clearly confirms the presence of an accretion burst. The second epoch data, taken about 16 months later, still show increased fluxes. Our radiative transfer modeling yielded major burst parameters and suggests that the MYSO features a circumstellar disk which might be transient. From the pre-burst, burst, and post-burst SEDs, conclusions on heating and cooling time-scales could be drawn. Circumstances of the burst-induced maser relocation have been explored.Conclusions. The verification of the accretion burst from G358 is another confirmation that Class II methanol maser flares represent an alert for such events. Thus, monitoring of these masers greatly enhances the chances of identifying MYSOs during periods of intense growth. The few events known to date already indicate that there is a broad range in burst strength and duration as well as environmental characteristics. The G358 event is the shortest and least luminous accretion burst known to date. According to models, bursts of this kind occur most often. |
| Keyword | accretion accretion disks stars: formation stars: protostars stars: individual: G358 93-0 03 radiative transfer |
| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202039645 |
| URL | 查看原文 |
| Indexed By | SCI |
| Language | 英语 |
| Funding Project | German Aerospace Center (DLR)[50OR1718] ; European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme[743029] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[075-15-2020-780] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[780-10] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[N13.1902.21.0039] ; Government of Russian Federation ; DFG[HA 1850/28-1] ; Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg ; NASA[NNA17BF53C] ; Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract[50 OK 0901] ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; [E-181.C-0885] ; [E-78.F-9040(A)] ; [M-079.C-9501(A)] ; [M-081.C-9501(A)] |
| WOS Research Area | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| WOS Subject | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| WOS ID | WOS:000624483200001 |
| Publisher | EDP SCIENCES S A |
| Funding Organization | German Aerospace Center (DLR) ; European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation ; Government of Russian Federation ; DFG ; Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg ; NASA ; Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| Citation statistics | |
| Document Type | 期刊论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xao.ac.cn/handle/45760611-7/3965 |
| Collection | 射电天文研究室_星系宇宙学研究团组 |
| Corresponding Author | Stecklum, B. |
| Affiliation | 1.Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany 2.Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany 3.Dublin Inst Adv Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Pl, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland 4.Univ Stuttgart, Deutsch SOFIA Inst, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany 5.Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA 6.Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, Osawa 2-21-1, Mizusawa, Tokyo 1818588, Japan 7.Joint Inst VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands 8.RAS, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Astro Space Ctr, 84-32 Profsoyuznaya St, Moscow 117997, Russia 9.Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, SUPA, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland 10.Ctr Astrophys Harvard Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 11.Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys ASIAA, POB 23-141, Taipei 106, Taiwan 12.Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, 776 Daedeokdae Ro, Daejeon 34055, South Korea 13.Hartebeesthoek Radio Astron Observ, POB 443, ZA-1740 Krugersdorp, South Africa 14.Univ Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada 15.Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany 16.Nicolaus Copernicus Univ, Fac Phys Astron & Informat, Inst Astron, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87100 Torun, Poland 17.Chinese Acad Sci, Xinjiang Astron Observ, Xinjiang, Peoples R China 18.Ural Fed Univ, Inst Nat Sci & Math, Astron Observ, 19 Mira St, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia 19.INAF, Osservatorio Astron Cagliari, Via Sci 5, I-09047 Selargius, CA, Italy 20.North West Univ, Phys Dept, Space Res Unit, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa 21.RAS, Radio Astron Lab Crimean Astrophys Observ, RT-22, Katsively, Crimea, Ukraine 22.Ibaraki Univ, Ctr Astron, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | Stecklum, B.,Wolf, V.,Linz, H.,et al. Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object[J]. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,2021,646:A161. |
| APA | Stecklum, B..,Wolf, V..,Linz, H..,Caratti o Garatti, A..,Schmidl, S..,...&Yonekura, Y..(2021).Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object.ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,646,A161. |
| MLA | Stecklum, B.,et al."Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object".ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 646(2021):A161. |
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| Stecklum-2021-Infrar（1314KB） | 期刊论文 | 出版稿 | 开放获取 | CC BY-NC-SA | View Application Full Text | |
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