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| Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone | |
Zhang, Suinan1; Lu, Xing1; Ginsburg, Adam2; Budaiev, Nazar2; Cheng, Yu3; Liu, Hauyu Baobab4,5; Liu, Tie1; Zhang, Qizhou6; Qiu, Keping7,8; Feng, Siyi9; Pillai, Thushara10; Tang, Xindi11,12,13,14 ; Mills, Elisabeth A. C.15; Luo, Qiuyi1; Li, Shanghuo7; Issac, Namitha1; Liu, Xunchuan1; Xu, Fengwei16,17,18; Wallace, Jennifer19; Mai, Xiaofeng1; Zhang, Yan-Kun1; Battersby, Cara19; Longmore, Steven N.20,21; Shen, Zhiqiang1
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| 2025-03-20 | |
| Source Publication | ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
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| ISSN | 2041-8205 |
| Volume | 982Issue:1Pages:L10 |
| Contribution Rank | 11 |
| Abstract | We present the highest-resolution (similar to 0 .'' 04) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 1.3 mm continuum observations so far of three massive star-forming clumps in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), namely 20 km s-1 C1, 20 km s-1 C4, and Sgr C C4, which reveal prevalent compact millimeter emission. We extract the compact emission with astrodendro and identify a total of 199 fragments with a typical size of similar to 370 au, which represent the first sample of candidates of protostellar envelopes and disks and kernels of prestellar cores in these clumps that are likely forming star clusters. Compared with the protoclusters in the Galactic disk, the three protoclusters display a higher level of hierarchical clustering, likely a result of the stronger turbulence in the CMZ clumps. Compared with the mini-starbursts in the CMZ, Sgr B2 M and N, the three protoclusters also show stronger subclustering in conjunction with a lack of massive fragments. The efficiency of high-mass star formation of the three protoclusters is on average 1 order of magnitude lower than that of Sgr B2 M and N, despite a similar overall efficiency of converting gas into stars. The lower efficiency of high-mass star formation in the three protoclusters is likely attributed to hierarchical cluster formation. |
| DOI | 10.3847/2041-8213/adb30b |
| Indexed By | SCI |
| Language | 英语 |
| WOS Keyword | GALACTIC-CENTER ; ALMA OBSERVATIONS ; MASSIVE CLOUDS ; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM ; MAGNETIC-FIELDS ; PRESTELLAR CORE ; CLUMPS ; DENSE ; GAS ; FRAGMENTATION |
| Funding Project | MOST divided by National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)https://doi.org/10.13039/501100012166[2023YFA1608204] ; MOST divided by National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)https://doi.org/10.13039/501100012166[2022YFA1603103] ; National Key R&D Program of China[XDB0800300] ; Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[12425304] ; Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)[U1731237] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)[23ZR1482100] ; Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai[xbzg-zdsys-202212] ; CAS Light of West China Program[JWST-GO-05365.001-A.] ; CAS Light of West China Program[JP24K17103] ; Space Telescope Science Institute ; JSPS[111-2112-M-110-022-MY3] ; JSPS[113-2112-M-110-022-MY3] ; National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan[12373023] ; National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan[1213308] ; National Science Foundation of China[2018.1.00641] ; ALMA[AAG 2008101] ; ALMA[2206511] ; ALMA[CAREER 2142300] ; NSF[2206512] ; National Science Foundation[80NSSC22K1125] ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Astrophysics Data Analysis Program |
| WOS Research Area | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| WOS Subject | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| WOS ID | WOS:001444788500001 |
| Publisher | IOP Publishing Ltd |
| Funding Organization | MOST divided by National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)https://doi.org/10.13039/501100012166 ; National Key R&D Program of China ; Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai ; CAS Light of West China Program ; Space Telescope Science Institute ; JSPS ; National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan ; National Science Foundation of China ; ALMA ; NSF ; National Science Foundation ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Astrophysics Data Analysis Program |
| Citation statistics | |
| Document Type | 期刊论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xao.ac.cn/handle/45760611-7/7520 |
| Collection | 射电天文研究室_恒星形成与演化研究团组 |
| Corresponding Author | Zhang, Suinan |
| Affiliation | 1.Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China 2.Univ Florida, Dept Astron, POB 112055, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA 3.Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan 4.Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Phys, 70,Lien Hai Rd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 5.Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Ctr Astron & Gravitat, Taipei 116, Taiwan 6.Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 7.Nanjing Univ, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China 8.Nanjing Univ, Key Lab Modern Astron & Astrophys, Minist Educ, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China 9.Xiamen Univ, Dept Astron, Zengcuoan West Rd, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China 10.MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA 11.Xinjiang Astron Observ, 150 Sci 1 St, Urumqi, Xinjiang, Peoples R China 12.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China 13.Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Urumqi 830011, Peoples R China 14.Xinjiang Key Lab Radio Astrophys, Urumqi 830011, Peoples R China 15.Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr, Lawrence, KS USA 16.Univ Cologne, Phys Inst 1, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany 17.Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, Beijing, Peoples R China 18.Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Astron, Beijing, Peoples R China 19.Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, 196A Auditorium Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA 20.Liverpool John Moores Univ UK, Liverpool L3 5RF, England 21.Cosm Origins Life COOL Res DAO, Munich, Germany |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Suinan,Lu, Xing,Ginsburg, Adam,et al. Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS,2025,982(1):L10. |
| APA | Zhang, Suinan.,Lu, Xing.,Ginsburg, Adam.,Budaiev, Nazar.,Cheng, Yu.,...&Shen, Zhiqiang.(2025).Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone.ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS,982(1),L10. |
| MLA | Zhang, Suinan,et al."Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone".ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS 982.1(2025):L10. |
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| Zhang-2025-Subcluste（1420KB） | 期刊论文 | 出版稿 | 开放获取 | CC BY-NC-SA | View Application Full Text | |
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