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| The ALMA-ATOMS survey: A sample of weak hot core candidates identified through line stacking | |
Li, Zi-Yang1,2; Liu, Xunchuan2; Liu, Tie2; Qin, Sheng-Li1; Goldsmith, Paul F.3; Garcia, Pablo4,5; Peng, Yaping6; Chen, Li1; Jiao, Yunfan2,7; Kou, Zhiping1,7,8; Li, Chuanshou1; Zou, Jiahang1,2; Tang, Mengyao9; Li, Shanghuo10,11; Liu, Meizhu12; Garay, Guido4,13; Xu, Fengwei14,15; Jiao, Wenyu2; Luo, Qiu-Yi2; Zhang, Suinan2; Gu, Qi-Lao2; Mai, Xiaofeng2; Zhang, Yan-Kun2; Weng, Jixiang2,7; Lee, Chang Won16,17; Sanhueza, Patricio18,19,20; Dib, Sami21; Das, Swagat R.13; Tang, Xindi8,22 ; Bronfman, Leonardo13; Gorai, Prasanta23,24; Tatematsu, Ken'ichi19; Liu, Hong-Li1; Yang, Dongting1; Zhang, Zhenying1,2; Shen, Xianjin1
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| 2025-05-20 | |
| Source Publication | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
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| ISSN | 0004-6361 |
| Volume | 697Pages:A190 |
| Contribution Rank | 8 |
| Abstract | Context. Hot cores represent critical astrophysical environments for high-mass star formation, distinguished by their rich spectra of organic molecular emission lines. Nevertheless, comprehensive statistical analyses of extensive hot core samples remain relatively scarce in current astronomical research. Aims. We aim to utilize high-angular-resolution molecular line data from the Atacama Large Millimeter and Submillimeter Array (ALMA) to identify hot cores, with a particular focus on weak-emission candidates, and to provide one of the largest samples of hot core candidates to date. Methods. We propose to use spectral stacking and imaging techniques of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the ALMA-ATOMS survey, including line identification and weights, segmentation of line datacubes, resampling, stacking and normalization, moment 0 maps, and data analysis, to search for hot core candidates. The molecules involved include CH3OH, CH3OCHO, C2H5CN, C2H5OH, CH3OCH3, CH3COCH3, and CH3CHO. We classify cores with dense emission of CH3OH and at least one molecule from the other six molecules as hot core candidates. Results. In addition to the existing sample of 60 strong hot cores from the ALMA-ATOMS survey, we have detected 40 new weak candidates through stacking. All hot core candidates display compact emission from at least one of the other six COM species. For the strong sample, the stacking method provides molecular column density estimates that are consistent with previous fitting results. For the newly identified weak candidates, all species except CH3CHO show compact emission in the stacked image, which cannot be fully resolved spatially. These weak candidates exhibit column densities of COMs that are approximately one order of magnitude lower than the ones of the strong sample. The entire hot core sample, including the weak candidates, reveals tight correlations between the compact emission of CH3OH and other COM species, suggesting they may share a similar chemical environment for COMs, with CH3OH potentially acting as a precursor for other COMs. Among the 100 hot cores in total, 43 exhibit extended CH3CHO emission spatially correlated with SiO and (HCO+)-C-13, suggesting that CH3CHO may form in widely distributed shock regions. Conclusions. The molecular line stacking technique is used to identify hot core candidates in this work, leading to the identification of 40 new hot core candidates. Compared to spectral line fitting methods, it is faster and more convenient, and enables weaker hot cores to be detected with greater sensitivity. |
| Keyword | ISM: clouds ISM: lines and bands ISM: molecules galaxies: ISM |
| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202452762 |
| Indexed By | SCI |
| Language | 英语 |
| WOS Keyword | STAR-FORMING REGIONS ; ORION-KL ; 3-MILLIMETER OBSERVATIONS ; COMPLEX CHEMISTRY ; DISTANT GALAXIES ; MOLECULAR CORES ; GAS ; SUBMILLIMETER ; INTERSTELLAR ; BEARING |
| Funding Project | National Key R&D Program of China[2022YFA1603100] ; Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[XDB0800303] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)[12033005] ; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration[80NM0018D0004] ; NSFC[12303028] ; NSFC[FB210003] ; Basic Science Research Program through the NRF - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology[NRF-2019R1A2C1010851] ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute - Korea government (MSIT)[2024-1-841-00] ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute - Korea government (MSIT)[JP22H01271] ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute - Korea government (MSIT)[JP23H01221] ; JSPS ; Yunnan Fundamental Research Project[202301AT070118] ; Yunnan Fundamental Research Project[202401AS070121] ; Xingdian Talent Support Plan-Youth Project |
| WOS Research Area | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| WOS Subject | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| WOS ID | WOS:001491373300009 |
| Publisher | EDP SCIENCES S A |
| Funding Organization | National Key R&D Program of China ; Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; NSFC ; Basic Science Research Program through the NRF - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute - Korea government (MSIT) ; JSPS ; Yunnan Fundamental Research Project ; Xingdian Talent Support Plan-Youth Project |
| Citation statistics | |
| Document Type | 期刊论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.xao.ac.cn/handle/45760611-7/7817 |
| Collection | 射电天文研究室_恒星形成与演化研究团组 射电天文研究室_天体化学研究团组 |
| Corresponding Author | Liu, Xunchuan; Liu, Tie; Qin, Sheng-Li |
| Affiliation | 1.Yunnan Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Kunming 650091, Peoples R China 2.Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China 3.CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA 4.Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, CAS, South Amer Ctr Astron, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China 5.Univ Catolica Norte, Inst Astron, Av Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile 6.Kunming Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kunming 650500, Peoples R China 7.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China 8.Chinese Acad Sci, Xinjiang Astron Observ, 150 Sci 1 Stree, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, Peoples R China 9.Chuxiong Normal Univ, Inst Astrophys, Sch Phys & Elect Sci, Chuxiong 675000, Peoples R China 10.Nanjing Univ, Sch Astron & Space Sci, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China 11.Nanjing Univ, Key Lab Modern Astron & Astrophys, Minist Educ, Nanjing 210023, Peoples R China 12.Guangzhou Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China 13.Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago 7591245, Chile 14.Univ Cologne, Phys Inst 1, Zulpicher Str 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany 15.Peking Univ, Kavli Inst Astron & Astrophys, 5 Yiheyuan Rd, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China 16.Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, 776 Daedeokdaero, Daejeon 34055, South Korea 17.Univ Sci & Technol, Korea UST, 217 Gajeong Ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea 18.Inst Sci Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro, Tokyo 1528551, Japan 19.Natl Inst Nat Sci, Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan 20.Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan 21.Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany 22.Xinjiang Key Lab Radio Astrophys, 150 Sci 1 St, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, Peoples R China 23.Univ Oslo, Rosseland Ctr Solar Phys, POB 1029 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway 24.Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, POB 1029 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | Li, Zi-Yang,Liu, Xunchuan,Liu, Tie,et al. The ALMA-ATOMS survey: A sample of weak hot core candidates identified through line stacking[J]. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,2025,697:A190. |
| APA | Li, Zi-Yang.,Liu, Xunchuan.,Liu, Tie.,Qin, Sheng-Li.,Goldsmith, Paul F..,...&Shen, Xianjin.(2025).The ALMA-ATOMS survey: A sample of weak hot core candidates identified through line stacking.ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,697,A190. |
| MLA | Li, Zi-Yang,et al."The ALMA-ATOMS survey: A sample of weak hot core candidates identified through line stacking".ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 697(2025):A190. |
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| Li-2025-The ALMA-ATO（1588KB） | 期刊论文 | 出版稿 | 开放获取 | CC BY-NC-SA | View Application Full Text | |
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